Setting Up DNSSEC for Your Domain: Complete Guide (2025)

Quick Answer

Table of Contents

What is DNSSEC? (Quick Overview)

DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions) adds a layer of security to the DNS system by enabling DNS responses to be cryptographically signed and verified.

The Problem DNSSEC Solves

Standard DNS has a fundamental security flaw: DNS responses are not authenticated. Anyone who can intercept DNS queries can return false information, redirecting users to malicious sites without their knowledge. This enables:

• DNS cache poisoning: Injecting fake DNS records into resolver caches
• Man-in-the-middle attacks: Intercepting and modifying DNS responses
• DNS spoofing: Providing fraudulent DNS answers to hijack traffic

How DNSSEC Works (Simplified)

DNSSEC adds digital signatures to DNS records:

1. DNS zone owner signs DNS records with a private key
2. DNS resolver verifies signatures using public keys published in DNS
3. Chain of trust extends from root DNS servers down to your domain
4. Invalid signatures cause DNS resolution to fail (secure failure)

Think of DNSSEC like HTTPS for DNS—it proves the DNS records you receive are authentic and haven't been tampered with.

What DNSSEC Does NOT Do

Important limitations:

• Does NOT encrypt DNS queries (use DNS-over-HTTPS/TLS for that)
• Does NOT prevent DDoS attacks on DNS servers
• Does NOT hide what domain you're querying
• Does NOT protect against all DNS attacks (only spoofing/poisoning)

For a deep technical dive into how DNSSEC prevents attacks, see our article: DNSSEC: How It Protects Against DNS Attacks

Why You Should Enable DNSSEC

Security Benefits

1. Prevents DNS Hijacking

Without DNSSEC, attackers can redirect your domain to their servers:

• Steal customer login credentials
• Serve malware to your visitors
• Impersonate your business
• Intercept email and communications

DNSSEC makes these attacks cryptographically impossible.

2. Protects Financial Transactions

If you run an e-commerce site or handle payments:

• DNSSEC prevents redirect to fake payment pages
• Protects customer credit card information
• Maintains PCI DSS compliance requirements
• Prevents costly data breaches

3. Maintains Brand Trust

A DNS hijack can destroy years of brand building:

• Customers lose trust immediately
• Media coverage damages reputation
• Recovery takes months or years
• Competitors gain advantage

4. Regulatory Compliance

Many regulations now recommend or require DNSSEC:

• Financial services: FFIEC guidelines recommend DNSSEC
• Government contractors: Some agencies require DNSSEC
• Healthcare: HIPAA covered entities benefit from DNSSEC
• EU regulations: NIS Directive encourages DNSSEC adoption

Real-World Impact Statistics

DNS attack statistics (2024):

• 75% of organizations experienced DNS attacks
• Average cost of DNS attack: $924,390
• 61% of DNS attacks involved cache poisoning
• DNSSEC-enabled domains: 0% success rate for spoofing attacks

Adoption rates:

• .gov domains: 98% DNSSEC adoption (mandated)
• Financial institutions: ~45% adoption
• Fortune 500 companies: ~32% adoption
• .com domains signed: ~4-5% (domain signing)
• Users performing DNSSEC validation: ~30% (resolver validation)

Note: The distinction between domain signing (~4-5% for .com) and DNSSEC validation (~30% of users) is important. Most individual domains haven't enabled DNSSEC, but many DNS resolvers validate DNSSEC when available.

Business Scenarios Where DNSSEC is Critical

Essential for:

• Banking and financial services
• E-commerce and payment processing
• Government and military
• Healthcare providers
• Cryptocurrency exchanges
• Email providers
• VPN services
• Certificate authorities

Highly recommended for:

• SaaS applications with user accounts
• API providers
• Corporate websites with partner portals
• News and media outlets
• Political campaigns
• High-profile brands

Optional for:

• Personal blogs and portfolios
• Informational websites
• Domains with no user authentication
• Test and development domains

DNSSEC Requirements and Prerequisites

What You Need Before Starting

1. Separate DNS Hosting and Domain Registration

DNSSEC requires coordination between two services:

• Domain registrar: Where you register/purchase the domain (GoDaddy, Namecheap, etc.)
• DNS hosting provider: Where your DNS records are managed (may be same or different)

2. DNS Provider with DNSSEC Support

Your DNS hosting provider MUST support DNSSEC. Check if yours does:

DNS Providers with DNSSEC Support:

• ✅ Cloudflare (free)
• ✅ AWS Route 53
• ✅ Google Cloud DNS
• ✅ Azure DNS
• ✅ NS1
• ✅ DNSMadeEasy
• ✅ Dyn (Oracle)
• ✅ UltraDNS
• ✅ PowerDNS
• ✅ Knot DNS

Registrars that provide DNS with DNSSEC:

• ✅ Cloudflare Registrar
• ✅ Namecheap
• ✅ GoDaddy
• ✅ Porkbun
• ✅ Gandi
• ✅ Hover
• ✅ Name.com

Does NOT support DNSSEC:

• ❌ Some shared hosting DNS services
• ❌ Free DNS from some registrars
• ❌ Legacy DNS hosting providers

How to check: Look for "DNSSEC" in your DNS provider's documentation or contact support.

3. Registrar with DNSSEC Support

Your domain registrar must allow you to add DS records. Most major registrars support DNSSEC in 2025:

Full DNSSEC Support (can add DS records):

• GoDaddy (.com, .net, .org, most TLDs)
• Namecheap (.com, .net, .org, most TLDs)
• Cloudflare (all supported TLDs)
• Porkbun (most TLDs)
• Gandi (extensive TLD support)
• Hover (most TLDs)
• Name.com (most TLDs)

Limited Support (some TLDs only):

• Some registrars only support DNSSEC for specific extensions
• Check with your registrar for TLD-specific support

No Support:

• Very cheap/budget registrars may not support DNSSEC
• Some country-code TLD registrars

4. TLD Support for DNSSEC

The top-level domain itself must support DNSSEC:

Fully Supported:

• .com, .net, .org
• .edu, .gov, .mil
• .info, .biz, .name
• Most new gTLDs (.io, .dev, .app, etc.)
• Many ccTLDs (.uk, .de, .nl, .se, .cz, etc.)

Not Supported:

• .ws (Western Samoa)
• Some older ccTLDs
• Check https://stats.research.icann.org/dns/tld_report/ for your TLD

Knowledge Requirements

You should understand:

• Basic DNS concepts (A records, nameservers)
• How to log into your domain registrar
• How to access your DNS management panel
• Ability to copy/paste record values accurately

Don't worry: This guide provides step-by-step instructions with screenshots.

Understanding DS Records vs DNSKEY Records

Before setting up DNSSEC, you must understand the two main record types involved.

DNSKEY Records (Created by DNS Provider)

What they are:

• Public keys stored in your DNS zone
• Generated and managed by your DNS hosting provider
• Multiple keys for different purposes (KSK and ZSK)
• Published automatically in your DNS records

Your DNS provider handles:

• Generating cryptographic key pairs
• Publishing DNSKEY records in your zone
• Signing all your DNS records (RRSIG)
• Managing key rotation schedules
• Maintaining zone signatures

You typically never see DNSKEY records directly—your DNS provider manages them in the background.

DS Records (Added to Registrar)

What they are:

• Hash (digest) of your DNSKEY record
• Added to your domain registrar (not DNS provider)
• Creates chain of trust from parent zone to your zone
• Small text string you copy from DNS provider to registrar

Example DS record format:

12345 8 2 A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2

Breaking down the DS record components:

• 12345: Key Tag (identifies which DNSKEY this corresponds to)
• 8: Algorithm number (8 = RSA/SHA-256)
• 2: Digest type (2 = SHA-256 hash)
• A1B2C3D4...: Digest (hash of the DNSKEY)

The DNSSEC Setup Process

Step 1: DNS Provider generates keys

• Creates DNSKEY records
• Signs all DNS records
• Generates DS record for you to use

Step 2: You copy DS record

• Get DS record from DNS provider
• May be displayed as one line or separate fields

Step 3: You add DS record to registrar

• Paste into registrar's DNSSEC section
• May need to enter fields separately (Key Tag, Algorithm, Digest Type, Digest)

Step 4: Wait for propagation

• Takes 24-48 hours for full propagation
• Chain of trust established from TLD to your domain

Common Confusion Points

Misconception 1: "I add DNSKEY to my registrar"

• ❌ Wrong: You never add DNSKEY to registrar
• ✅ Correct: You add DS record (hash of DNSKEY) to registrar

Misconception 2: "I can enable DNSSEC at registrar first"

• ❌ Wrong: This breaks DNS immediately
• ✅ Correct: Always enable at DNS provider first, then add DS to registrar

Misconception 3: "I need to manage key rotation"

• ❌ Wrong for managed DNS: Provider handles rotation automatically
• ✅ Correct: You'll periodically update DS records when provider rotates keys (maybe once a year)

Setting Up DNSSEC on GoDaddy

GoDaddy supports DNSSEC for .com, .net, .org, and many other TLDs. This guide covers both GoDaddy DNS and external DNS.

Scenario 1: Using GoDaddy DNS (Easiest)

If your nameservers point to GoDaddy (ns01.domaincontrol.com, ns02.domaincontrol.com):

Step 1: Enable DNSSEC in GoDaddy DNS

1. Log into GoDaddy account
2. Go to My Products > Domains
3. Click on your domain name
4. Scroll to Additional Settings section
5. Click Manage DNS
6. Scroll to DNSSEC section
7. Click Set Up DNSSEC
8. GoDaddy will automatically:
   • Generate DNSSEC keys
   • Sign your zone
   • Add DS records to the registry
9. Wait 10-15 minutes for setup to complete

That's it! GoDaddy handles everything automatically when using their DNS.

Verification:

• You should see "DNSSEC is enabled" with a green checkmark
• DS records are automatically published to the registry
• No manual DS record entry required

Scenario 2: Using External DNS (Cloudflare, AWS, etc.)

If your nameservers point to an external DNS provider:

Step 1: Enable DNSSEC at Your DNS Provider

(See provider-specific sections below for details)

• This generates DNSKEY records
• Provider will give you DS record information

Step 2: Get DS Record from DNS Provider

Your DNS provider will display DS record in one of these formats:

Format 1: Single line

12345 8 2 A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2

Format 2: Separate fields

Key Tag:      12345
Algorithm:    8 (RSA/SHA-256)
Digest Type:  2 (SHA-256)
Digest:       A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2

Step 3: Add DS Record to GoDaddy

1. Log into GoDaddy account
2. Go to My Products > Domains
3. Click on your domain name
4. Scroll to Additional Settings
5. Click Manage DNSSEC
6. Click Add DS Record

If your DNS provider gave single line: 7. Paste the entire DS record line

If your DNS provider gave separate fields: 7. Enter each field individually:

• Key Tag: 12345
• Algorithm: 8
• Digest Type: 2
• Digest: (paste the long hash)

8. Click Add
9. Click Save

Step 4: Wait for Propagation

• Changes take 24-48 hours to fully propagate
• Don't make further DNS changes during this period
• Test after 48 hours (see Testing section)

GoDaddy-Specific Notes

Multiple DS Records:

• You can add multiple DS records for key rotation
• During key rotation, you'll have old and new DS records simultaneously
• Remove old DS records only after new keys fully propagate

Removing DNSSEC:

• Go to DNSSEC settings
• Click Remove next to DS record
• Wait 24-48 hours before disabling DNSSEC at DNS provider
• Never disable at DNS provider first (will break domain)

Supported Algorithms:

• Algorithm 8 (RSA/SHA-256) - most common
• Algorithm 13 (ECDSA P-256/SHA-256)
• Algorithm 14 (ECDSA P-384/SHA-384)

TLD Restrictions:

• Some TLDs don't support DNSSEC through GoDaddy
• Check support by attempting to add DS record
• If not supported, you'll see "DNSSEC not available for this TLD"

Setting Up DNSSEC on Namecheap

Namecheap provides excellent DNSSEC support with a straightforward interface.

Scenario 1: Using Namecheap BasicDNS/PremiumDNS

If using Namecheap's DNS service:

Step 1: Enable DNSSEC

1. Log into Namecheap account
2. Go to Domain List
3. Click Manage next to your domain
4. Go to Advanced DNS tab
5. Scroll to DNSSEC section
6. Click Enable DNSSEC toggle

Step 2: Automatic Configuration

Namecheap automatically:

• Generates DNSSEC keys
• Signs your DNS zone
• Publishes DS records to registry
• Sets up key rotation schedule

Step 3: Verify

• You should see "DNSSEC is enabled" with green status
• DS records are automatically added (no manual entry needed)
• Wait 24-48 hours for full propagation

Scenario 2: Using External DNS (Cloudflare, AWS, etc.)

If your nameservers point elsewhere:

Step 1: Get DS Record from DNS Provider

(See your DNS provider's section for details)

Your provider will give you DS record information in format:

Key Tag: 12345
Algorithm: 8
Digest Type: 2
Digest: A1B2C3D4E5F6...

Step 2: Add DS Record to Namecheap

1. Log into Namecheap account
2. Go to Domain List
3. Click Manage next to your domain
4. Go to Advanced DNS tab
5. Scroll to DNSSEC section
6. Ensure Custom DNS is selected (not Namecheap DNS)
7. Click Add DS Record

Step 3: Enter DS Record Details

8. Key Tag: Enter the key tag number (e.g., 12345)
9. Algorithm: Select from dropdown
   • Algorithm 8 (RSA/SHA-256) - most common
   • Algorithm 13 (ECDSA Curve P-256 with SHA-256)
   • Algorithm 14 (ECDSA Curve P-384 with SHA-384)
10. Digest Type: Select from dropdown
    • Digest Type 2 (SHA-256) - most common
    • Digest Type 4 (SHA-384)
11. Digest: Paste the long hash string
12. Click Add
13. Click Save Changes

Step 4: Verify Settings

• You should see your DS record listed
• Status should show "Active" after a few minutes
• Full propagation takes 24-48 hours

Multiple DS Records

During key rotation, you may need multiple DS records:

Adding Second DS Record:

1. Click Add DS Record again
2. Enter new DS record information
3. Don't remove old DS record yet
4. Wait for new key to fully propagate (48 hours)
5. Then remove old DS record

Removing DS Record:

1. Click Delete icon next to DS record
2. Confirm removal
3. Save changes

Namecheap-Specific Notes

Automatic DNSSEC with Namecheap DNS:

• PremiumDNS: DNSSEC fully automatic
• BasicDNS: DNSSEC fully automatic
• No manual DS record management needed

External DNS Requirements:

• Must use Custom DNS nameservers
• Cannot enable DNSSEC toggle (it's for Namecheap DNS only)
• Must manually manage DS records

Validation Period:

• Namecheap validates DS records before activating
• May take 5-15 minutes for status to change to "Active"
• If validation fails, check digest format (no spaces, correct length)

TLD Support:

• .com, .net, .org: Full support
• Most new gTLDs: Full support
• Some ccTLDs: Check during DS record addition
• Unsupported TLDs: Won't show DNSSEC section

Setting Up DNSSEC on Cloudflare

Cloudflare offers the easiest DNSSEC setup experience with one-click enablement.

Prerequisites for Cloudflare DNSSEC

Your domain must:

• Use Cloudflare nameservers (fully activated on Cloudflare)
• Not be in a pending state
• Have active Cloudflare plan (Free, Pro, Business, or Enterprise)

Supported TLDs:

• All major TLDs (.com, .net, .org, etc.)
• Check Cloudflare dashboard for TLD-specific support

Step-by-Step Setup

Step 1: Enable DNSSEC in Cloudflare

1. Log into Cloudflare dashboard
2. Select your domain
3. Go to DNS section
4. Scroll to DNSSEC section
5. Click Enable DNSSEC button

Step 2: Cloudflare Generates Keys

Cloudflare automatically:

• Generates DNSSEC keys (Algorithm 13 - ECDSA)
• Signs your DNS zone
• Creates RRSIG records
• Provides DS record information

Step 3: Get DS Record Information

After enabling, Cloudflare displays:

DS Record for example.com:

Key Tag:      12345
Algorithm:    13 (ECDSA P-256/SHA-256)
Digest Type:  2 (SHA-256)
Digest:       A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2

Also provided as single line:

12345 13 2 A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2

Step 4: Add DS Record to Your Registrar

Cloudflare provides a helpful "Add to Registrar" button for some registrars:

For Automatic Addition (Cloudflare Registrar users):

• If your domain is registered through Cloudflare, DS records are added automatically
• You're done! No manual steps needed.

For Manual Addition (external registrars):

1. Click Copy next to the DS record
2. Go to your domain registrar's control panel
3. Find DNSSEC or DS Record section
4. Paste DS record (format depends on registrar)
5. Save changes

Step 5: Verify at Registrar

Cloudflare will automatically check if DS records are published:

• Green checkmark: DS records detected at registrar
• Pending: DS records not yet detected (wait 24-48 hours)
• Error: Problem with DS records (check format)

Cloudflare-Specific Features

Multi-Signer DNSSEC:

• Cloudflare uses both KSK (Key Signing Key) and ZSK (Zone Signing Key)
• Automatic key rotation handled by Cloudflare
• You only need to update DS records during KSK rotation (rare)

Algorithm 13 (ECDSA):

• Cloudflare uses modern ECDSA algorithm
• Smaller signatures = faster DNS responses
• Better security than older RSA algorithms
• Fully compatible with all major DNS resolvers

Automatic Key Rotation:

• Cloudflare rotates ZSK automatically (no action needed)
• KSK rotation: Cloudflare notifies you 30 days in advance
• You'll need to update DS records during KSK rotation

DNSSEC Analytics:

• Cloudflare provides validation statistics
• Shows % of DNSSEC validation failures
• Helps identify configuration problems

Testing Cloudflare DNSSEC

Built-in Validator:

1. In DNSSEC section, click Test DNSSEC
2. Cloudflare runs validation check
3. Results show:
   • ✅ Valid chain of trust
   • ✅ Signatures verify correctly
   • ❌ Problems found (with details)

External Testing:

• Use dnsviz.net to visualize chain of trust
• Check Verisign DNSSEC Debugger
• Run dig +dnssec example.com to see RRSIG records

Troubleshooting Cloudflare DNSSEC

"Waiting for DS records" for more than 48 hours:

• Check that you added DS records to registrar correctly
• Verify Key Tag, Algorithm, and Digest Type match exactly
• Some registrars have delays (contact support)

"DNSSEC validation failed":

• Check if you enabled DNSSEC at registrar before Cloudflare (wrong order)
• Verify DS record digest has no typos
• Clear local DNS cache: ipconfig /flushdns (Windows) or sudo dscacheutil -flushcache (Mac)

Domain stops resolving after enabling DNSSEC:

• You likely added DS records before enabling DNSSEC on Cloudflare
• Quick fix: Remove DS records from registrar, wait 2 hours, then add them back

Setting Up DNSSEC on Google Domains (Squarespace)

Important: Google Domains was acquired by Squarespace in 2023. Existing Google Domains users can still manage their domains, but new registrations go through Squarespace.

For Google Domains Users

Step 1: Enable DNSSEC

1. Go to domains.google.com
2. Click on your domain
3. Click DNS in the left sidebar
4. Scroll to DNSSEC section
5. Click Enable

Step 2: Automatic Configuration

Google Domains automatically:

• Generates DNSSEC keys
• Signs your DNS zone
• Publishes DS records to registry
• Handles key rotation

That's it! Google Domains manages everything automatically. No manual DS record management needed.

Verification:

• You'll see "DNSSEC is enabled" with green status
• Full propagation takes 24-48 hours

For Squarespace Domains Users

As of 2024, Squarespace is working on DNSSEC support but it may vary:

Check Current Support:

1. Log into Squarespace
2. Go to Settings > Domains
3. Click on your domain
4. Look for DNSSEC option

If DNSSEC option available:

• Follow on-screen instructions (similar to Google Domains process)
• Enable DNSSEC toggle
• DS records added automatically

If DNSSEC not available:

• Contact Squarespace support to inquire about DNSSEC support
• Consider transferring to a registrar with DNSSEC support
• Or use external DNS with DNSSEC (Cloudflare, AWS Route 53)

Using External DNS with Google/Squarespace

If you want to use external DNS (Cloudflare, etc.) with better DNSSEC features:

Step 1: Change Nameservers

1. In Google Domains/Squarespace, go to DNS settings
2. Change nameservers to your DNS provider
3. Wait for nameserver propagation (24-48 hours)

Step 2: Enable DNSSEC at DNS Provider

(See Cloudflare, AWS, or other provider sections)

Step 3: Add DS Records

1. Get DS record from your DNS provider
2. In Google Domains/Squarespace:
3. Go to DNS settings
4. Find DNSSEC section
5. Click Add DS Record or Manage DNSSEC
6. Enter DS record information:
   • Key Tag
   • Algorithm
   • Digest Type
   • Digest
7. Save changes

Google/Squarespace-Specific Notes

Automatic with Google DNS:

• If using Google nameservers, DNSSEC is automatic
• No manual DS record management needed
• Key rotation handled automatically

Algorithm Used:

• Google uses Algorithm 8 (RSA/SHA-256)
• Standard, widely compatible algorithm

Migration from Google to Squarespace:

• DNSSEC settings should carry over
• Verify DNSSEC still enabled after migration completes
• Test DNS resolution after migration

TLD Support:

• Most TLDs supported (.com, .net, .org, etc.)
• Check during DNSSEC setup for TLD-specific availability

Setting Up DNSSEC on Porkbun

Porkbun is known for excellent DNSSEC support with user-friendly interface and competitive pricing.

Scenario 1: Using Porkbun DNS

If using Porkbun nameservers:

Step 1: Enable DNSSEC

1. Log into Porkbun account
2. Go to Domain Management
3. Click on your domain
4. Click DNS tab
5. Scroll to DNSSEC section
6. Toggle Enable DNSSEC

Step 2: Automatic Configuration

Porkbun automatically:

• Generates DNSSEC keys
• Signs your DNS records
• Publishes DS records to the registry
• Manages key rotation

Verification:

• You'll see "DNSSEC Enabled" with green indicator
• DS records automatically published
• No manual DS record entry needed

Scenario 2: Using External DNS

If using external DNS provider (Cloudflare, AWS Route 53, etc.):

Step 1: Get DS Record from DNS Provider

(See your DNS provider's documentation)

You'll receive DS record in format:

12345 8 2 A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2

Or separate fields:

Key Tag:      12345
Algorithm:    8
Digest Type:  2
Digest:       A1B2C3D4E5F6...

Step 2: Add DS Record to Porkbun

1. Log into Porkbun
2. Go to Domain Management
3. Click your domain
4. Click DNSSEC tab
5. Click Add DNSSEC Record

Step 3: Enter DS Record Details

6. Fill in the form:
   • Key Tag: Enter number (e.g., 12345)
   • Algorithm: Select from dropdown
     • 8 (RSA/SHA-256)
     • 13 (ECDSA P-256)
     • 14 (ECDSA P-384)
   • Digest Type: Select from dropdown
     • 2 (SHA-256)
     • 4 (SHA-384)
   • Digest: Paste the digest hash
7. Click Add DNSSEC Record
8. Verify record appears in list
9. Click Submit to publish to registry

Step 4: Verify Submission

• Porkbun will display "Submitted to Registry"
• Status changes to "Active" within minutes
• Full propagation: 24-48 hours

Porkbun-Specific Features

DNSSEC for All Plans:

• DNSSEC included free with all domains
• No premium plan required
• Automatic key rotation on Porkbun DNS

Excellent TLD Support:

• .com, .net, .org: Full support
• Extensive TLD list with DNSSEC
• Check TLD support on registration page

Easy DS Management:

• Clear interface for adding/removing DS records
• Can have multiple DS records simultaneously
• Helpful tooltips for each field

DNSSEC Status Indicator:

• Green: DNSSEC active and validated
• Yellow: DNSSEC submitted, pending validation
• Red: DNSSEC error, needs attention
• Gray: DNSSEC not enabled

Testing Porkbun DNSSEC

Built-in Validation:

1. After enabling DNSSEC, scroll to bottom
2. Click Test DNSSEC Configuration
3. Porkbun runs validation check
4. Results show:
   • Chain of trust status
   • Signature validation
   • Any errors detected

External Validation:

• Use dnsviz.net
• Check Verisign DNSSEC Debugger
• Run command-line tools (dig, delv)

Troubleshooting Porkbun DNSSEC

"Submitted to Registry" stuck for days:

• Contact Porkbun support
• May be registry-side delay
• Check if TLD actually supports DNSSEC

DNSSEC shows error status:

• Verify digest is correct (no spaces, correct length)
• Check Algorithm and Digest Type match your DNS provider
• Try removing and re-adding DS record

Domain not resolving after DNSSEC:

• You likely added DS record before enabling DNSSEC at DNS provider
• Remove DS record, wait 2 hours, then re-add after DNS provider DNSSEC enabled

Setting Up DNSSEC on Other Registrars

Quick setup guides for other popular registrars.

Hover

Using Hover DNS:

1. Log into Hover account
2. Click on domain name
3. Go to DNS tab
4. Click Enable DNSSEC
5. Hover automatically signs zone and publishes DS records

Using External DNS:

1. Get DS record from DNS provider
2. In Hover, go to DNS tab
3. Scroll to DNSSEC
4. Enter DS record details
5. Click Add DS Record

Name.com

Using Name.com DNS:

1. Log into Name.com
2. Go to My Domains
3. Click domain name
4. Click Manage DNS Records
5. Enable DNSSEC toggle
6. DS records added automatically

Using External DNS:

1. Get DS record from DNS provider
2. Go to DNSSEC section
3. Click Add DS Record
4. Enter Key Tag, Algorithm, Digest Type, Digest
5. Save changes

Gandi

Using Gandi DNS:

1. Log into Gandi account
2. Go to Domain Management
3. Click domain name
4. Go to DNSSEC tab
5. Click Enable DNSSEC
6. Gandi signs zone automatically

Using External DNS:

1. Get DS record from DNS provider
2. In Gandi DNSSEC tab
3. Select External DNS
4. Add DS record information
5. Validate and save

Dynadot

Using Dynadot DNS:

1. Log into Dynadot
2. Go to My Domains
3. Select domain
4. Click DNS Settings
5. Enable DNSSEC
6. Automatic signing and DS publication

Using External DNS:

1. Get DS record from DNS provider
2. Go to DNS Settings
3. Find DNSSEC Records
4. Add DS record details
5. Save

Domain.com

Using Domain.com DNS:

1. Log into Domain.com
2. Select domain
3. Go to Manage > DNS & Nameservers
4. Find DNSSEC section
5. Enable DNSSEC
6. Automatic configuration

Using External DNS:

1. Get DS record from DNS provider
2. Go to DNSSEC section
3. Enter DS record manually
4. Submit to registry

Testing Your DNSSEC Configuration

After enabling DNSSEC, thorough testing is essential to confirm everything works correctly.

Initial Testing (Immediately After Setup)

Step 1: Verify DNSSEC Records Exist

Use dig (command-line tool):

# Check for DNSKEY records
dig DNSKEY example.com +short

# Check for RRSIG (signature) records on A record
dig A example.com +dnssec

# Check DS records at parent zone
dig DS example.com +short

What to look for:

• DNSKEY records should return: 257 3 8 AwEAAa... (KSK) and 256 3 8 AwEAAb... (ZSK)
• RRSIG records should appear alongside A records
• DS records may take 24-48 hours to appear

Step 2: Check DNSSEC Status at Registrar

1. Log into domain registrar
2. Go to DNSSEC section
3. Verify:
   • DS records show as "Active" or "Published"
   • No error messages
   • Registrar confirms submission to registry

Testing After Propagation (24-48 Hours Later)

Method 1: DNSViz (Recommended)

DNSViz provides visual representation of DNSSEC chain of trust:

1. Go to https://dnsviz.net/
2. Enter your domain name
3. Click Analyze
4. Wait for analysis to complete (30-60 seconds)

Interpreting Results:

✅ Successful DNSSEC - What you should see:

• All green boxes in diagram
• Solid green lines connecting boxes
• "Secure" label on domain name
• No red X marks or warnings

❌ DNSSEC Problems - Red flags:

• Red X marks indicate validation failures
• Dotted lines indicate broken trust chain
• Yellow warnings indicate non-fatal issues
• Hover over boxes for detailed error messages

Common DNSViz Errors:

"No DS records found":

• DS records not yet propagated to parent zone
• Wait 24-48 hours longer
• Or DS records not added to registrar

"DNSSEC validation failed":

• DS record doesn't match DNSKEY
• Algorithm or Digest Type mismatch
• Typo in DS record digest

"Bogus response":

• DNSSEC signatures invalid
• Clock skew on DNS server
• Zone not properly signed

Method 2: Verisign DNSSEC Debugger

Another excellent testing tool:

1. Go to https://dnssec-debugger.verisignlabs.com/
2. Enter your domain name
3. Click Analyze

Results interpretation:

• All green checkmarks = Success
• Red errors = Problems need fixing
• Provides detailed error descriptions

Method 3: Command-Line Testing (dig)

For advanced users:

# Test DNSSEC validation
dig example.com +dnssec +multi

# Use specific DNS server that validates DNSSEC
dig @8.8.8.8 example.com +dnssec

# Check for 'ad' (authenticated data) flag
dig @1.1.1.1 example.com +adflag

What to look for:

• flags: qr rd ra ad - The ad flag means "authenticated data" (DNSSEC verified)
• RRSIG records present in response
• No SERVFAIL errors

Method 4: Drill Tool

Drill provides detailed DNSSEC chain analysis:

# Install drill (part of ldnsutils package)
sudo apt-get install ldnsutils   # Ubuntu/Debian
brew install ldns                  # macOS

# Test DNSSEC chain
drill -DT example.com

# Trace DNSSEC validation
drill -S example.com

Successful output includes:

• Trust chain from root to your domain
• All signatures verify correctly
• "Existence is denied" for non-existent records (NSEC/NSEC3)

Method 5: Online DNSSEC Validators

Multiple online tools available:

• https://dnssec-analyzer.verisignlabs.com/
• https://www.dns-tools.net/dnssec-validator
• https://www.zonemaster.net/en/run-test
• https://www.sidn.nl/en/dnssec-check

Use multiple validators:

• Different tools may catch different issues
• Cross-reference results
• Some tools show more detail than others

Testing from Different Networks

DNSSEC can behave differently on different networks:

Test from multiple locations:

1. Your office/home network
2. Mobile network (4G/5G)
3. Public WiFi
4. VPN connection
5. Cloud server in different region

Why test from multiple locations:

• Some DNS resolvers don't validate DNSSEC
• Network-specific DNS issues
• Geographic propagation variations
• ISP DNS cache issues

Online multi-location testing:

• https://www.whatsmydns.net/ - Check DNS from 25+ locations worldwide
• https://www.dnsperf.com/ - Global DNS checker

Continuous Monitoring

Set up ongoing DNSSEC monitoring:

Monitoring Tools:

• DNSMonitor.com - Alerts on DNSSEC failures
• Uptime Robot - Can monitor DNS with DNSSEC validation
• Pingdom - DNS monitoring with DNSSEC support
• Datadog - Enterprise monitoring with DNSSEC checks

What to monitor:

• DNSSEC validation status
• DS record presence
• RRSIG expiration dates
• Key rotation events
• DNS resolution failures

Set up alerts for:

• DNSSEC validation failures
• Missing DS records
• RRSIG signature expiration
• Chain of trust breaks
• Unusual DNS traffic patterns

Common DNSSEC Setup Mistakes

Avoid these frequent errors that break DNSSEC or cause DNS outages.

Mistake #1: Enabling DS Records Before DNS Provider

The Error:

1. Add DS records to registrar first
2. Then enable DNSSEC at DNS provider

What Happens:

• Domain immediately stops resolving
• DNS queries return SERVFAIL
• Website and email go down
• Takes 24-48 hours to recover

Why This Breaks:

• Parent zone (TLD) expects DNSSEC signatures (based on DS records)
• Your zone has no signatures yet (DNSSEC not enabled at DNS provider)
• DNS resolvers reject unsigned responses as invalid
• Fail secure: resolvers refuse to return unverified data

The Fix:

1. Immediately remove DS records from registrar
2. Wait 2-6 hours for removal to propagate
3. Domain should start resolving again
4. Now enable DNSSEC at DNS provider (correct order)
5. Wait 24 hours
6. Then add DS records to registrar

Correct Order:

1. ✅ Enable DNSSEC at DNS hosting provider FIRST
2. ✅ Wait for zone to be signed
3. ✅ Get DS records from DNS provider
4. ✅ Add DS records to domain registrar LAST

Mistake #2: Typos in DS Record Digest

The Error:

• Copy/paste DS record but accidentally include extra space
• Miss one character in digest hash
• Copy wrong DS record from multi-domain account

What Happens:

• DS record doesn't match DNSKEY
• DNSSEC validation fails
• Domain stops resolving for DNSSEC-validating resolvers
• Non-validating resolvers still work (confusing situation)

Why This Breaks:

• DS record is hash of DNSKEY
• Even one character difference means hash doesn't match
• Resolvers detect mismatch and reject as invalid
• Fail secure: won't use mismatched keys

Prevention:

• Use copy button (don't manually type)
• Paste into text editor first, check for line breaks
• Verify digest length is correct:
  • SHA-256 (Digest Type 2): 64 hex characters
  • SHA-384 (Digest Type 4): 96 hex characters
• Remove any spaces or line breaks
• Double-check you copied the right domain's DS record

Detection:

# Get DNSKEY from DNS
dig DNSKEY example.com +short

# Get DS from registrar
dig DS example.com +short

# Compare - the DS should be hash of DNSKEY
# If they don't match, you have the wrong DS record

Mistake #3: Wrong Algorithm or Digest Type

The Error:

• DNS provider uses Algorithm 13 (ECDSA)
• You select Algorithm 8 (RSA) at registrar
• Or select wrong Digest Type

What Happens:

• DS record doesn't match DNSKEY
• Validation fails
• Same symptoms as typo in digest

Prevention:

• Copy algorithm number exactly from DNS provider
• Common algorithms:
  • Algorithm 8: RSA/SHA-256 (most common)
  • Algorithm 13: ECDSA P-256/SHA-256 (Cloudflare uses this)
  • Algorithm 14: ECDSA P-384/SHA-384
• Copy digest type exactly:
  • Digest Type 2: SHA-256 (most common)
  • Digest Type 4: SHA-384

Finding the Right Values:

• DNS provider shows algorithm in DS record
• Format: KeyTag Algorithm DigestType Digest
• Example: 12345 13 2 A1B2C3...
  • Algorithm: 13
  • Digest Type: 2

Mistake #4: Adding CNAME at Root Domain with DNSSEC

The Error:

• Enable DNSSEC
• Then try to add CNAME for root domain (example.com)
• Or add CNAME on any name that has DNSSEC records

What Happens:

• CNAME conflicts with DNSSEC records (DNSKEY, RRSIG)
• RFC violation: CNAME cannot coexist with other records
• DNS responses become inconsistent
• Some queries work, others fail

Why This Breaks:

• DNSSEC adds records: DNSKEY, RRSIG, NSEC/NSEC3
• CNAME cannot exist with any other record type
• Violates DNS protocol rules

Prevention:

• Never use CNAME at root domain (whether DNSSEC or not)
• Use A/AAAA records for root domain
• Use CNAME only for subdomains
• If using CDN that requires CNAME, use ALIAS/ANAME record (some DNS providers)

Mistake #5: Forgetting Key Rotation Updates

The Error:

• DNS provider rotates DNSSEC keys (annual maintenance)
• New DS record needed at registrar
• You forget to update DS record

What Happens:

• Old DS record no longer matches new DNSKEY
• DNSSEC validation starts failing
• Domain stops resolving for validating resolvers
• Gradual outage as DNS caches expire

Prevention:

• Set calendar reminder for key rotation (usually annual)
• Monitor email from DNS provider about key rotation
• Some providers give 30-day notice
• Set up automated monitoring for DNSSEC validation failures

When Key Rotation Happens:

• ZSK (Zone Signing Key): Every 90 days - automated, no action needed
• KSK (Key Signing Key): Annually - requires DS record update at registrar

Key Rotation Process:

1. DNS provider adds new KSK alongside old KSK
2. DNS provider generates new DS record
3. You add new DS record to registrar (keep old DS too)
4. Wait 48 hours for propagation
5. DNS provider removes old KSK
6. You remove old DS record from registrar

Mistake #6: Disabling DNSSEC at DNS Provider First

The Error:

1. Disable DNSSEC at DNS hosting provider
2. Forget to remove DS records from registrar

What Happens:

• DS records still published at registrar
• Zone no longer signed (no RRSIG, no DNSKEY)
• Resolvers expect signatures based on DS records
• Domain stops resolving

Correct Order to Disable DNSSEC:

1. ✅ Remove DS records from registrar FIRST
2. ✅ Wait 48 hours for removal to propagate
3. ✅ Then disable DNSSEC at DNS provider

Detection:

• Domain stops resolving
• dig shows no RRSIG records
• But DS records still present in parent zone
• DNSSEC validation fails

Recovery:

1. Re-enable DNSSEC at DNS provider immediately
2. Or remove DS records from registrar and wait 48 hours

Mistake #7: Testing Too Early

The Error:

• Enable DNSSEC
• Add DS records
• Test immediately (within minutes)
• See failures and think setup is wrong

What Happens:

• DNS propagation takes time
• DS records may not be published to TLD yet
• Some nameservers have old zone data
• Tests fail even though setup is correct

Prevention:

• Wait 24-48 hours after adding DS records
• Don't panic if initial tests fail
• Retest after propagation period
• Check multiple testing tools

Propagation Timeframes:

• DS record submission: 5-15 minutes at registrar
• DS record published to TLD: 1-6 hours
• Global propagation: 24-48 hours
• DNS cache expiration: depends on TTL (usually 1-24 hours)

Troubleshooting Failed DNSSEC Setups

When DNSSEC isn't working, use this systematic approach to diagnose and fix problems.

Symptom 1: Domain Completely Stops Resolving

Symptoms:

• Website unreachable
• dig returns SERVFAIL
• Email bounces
• Started after enabling DNSSEC

Diagnosis:

Step 1: Check if DNSSEC is the cause

# Query without DNSSEC validation
dig @8.8.8.8 example.com +cd

# The +cd flag disables DNSSEC checking
# If this works but normal query fails, DNSSEC is the problem

If +cd query works: DNSSEC configuration is broken

If +cd query also fails: Not a DNSSEC issue (different DNS problem)

Step 2: Check for premature DS record addition

# Check if DS records exist
dig DS example.com +short

# Check if DNSKEY records exist
dig DNSKEY example.com +short

If DS records exist but NO DNSKEY records:

• You added DS records before enabling DNSSEC at DNS provider
• Fix: Remove DS records from registrar immediately

If BOTH exist: Different problem (check digest mismatch)

Quick Recovery:

1. Log into domain registrar
2. Go to DNSSEC section
3. Delete all DS records
4. Wait 2-6 hours for removal to propagate
5. Test: dig @8.8.8.8 example.com
6. Once working, start over with correct order

Symptom 2: DNSViz Shows Red Errors

Common DNSViz Error Messages:

Error: "No DS records found at parent"

Meaning: DS records not published to TLD zone

Causes:

• DS records not submitted to registrar
• Submission pending (wait longer)
• Registrar doesn't support DNSSEC for your TLD
• DS record rejected by registry (invalid format)

Fix:

1. Verify DS records in registrar control panel
2. Check status: should be "Active" or "Published"
3. If pending, wait 24-48 hours
4. If rejected, check format and resubmit
5. Contact registrar support if stuck

Error: "DNSKEY does not match DS"

Meaning: DS record digest doesn't match published DNSKEY

Causes:

• Typo in DS record digest
• Wrong algorithm or digest type selected
• Copied DS record from wrong domain
• DNS provider changed keys but you didn't update DS

Fix:

1. Get DS record from DNS provider again
2. Remove old DS record from registrar
3. Add new DS record with correct values
4. Double-check every character
5. Wait 24 hours for propagation

Error: "No RRSIG records"

Meaning: Zone is not being signed

Causes:

• DNSSEC not enabled at DNS provider
• Zone signing in progress (wait)
• DNS provider error

Fix:

1. Verify DNSSEC enabled in DNS provider control panel
2. Check for any error messages
3. Wait 1-2 hours for signing to complete
4. Contact DNS provider support if not resolved

Error: "Signature expired"

Meaning: RRSIG records have passed expiration date

Causes:

• DNS server clock is wrong
• Automatic signing stopped
• DNS provider infrastructure issue

Fix:

1. Contact DNS provider immediately
2. Usually requires provider to re-sign zone
3. May indicate serious infrastructure problem
4. Consider migrating to more reliable provider

Symptom 3: Some Resolvers Work, Others Don't

Symptoms:

• Website works from some locations/networks
• Fails from other locations
• Inconsistent test results

Diagnosis:

Step 1: Test with validating vs non-validating resolvers

# Validating resolvers (check DNSSEC)
dig @8.8.8.8 example.com      # Google DNS
dig @1.1.1.1 example.com      # Cloudflare DNS

# Non-validating resolvers (don't check DNSSEC)
dig @208.67.222.222 example.com  # OpenDNS (some configs)

If fails on validating, works on non-validating:

• DNSSEC configuration has errors
• Follow troubleshooting steps above
• Check DNSViz for specific errors

Step 2: Check for propagation delays

# Check from multiple nameservers
dig @ns1.yourprovider.com example.com +dnssec
dig @ns2.yourprovider.com example.com +dnssec

If nameservers give different results:

• Zone propagation not complete
• Wait 1-2 hours and retest
• Check if DNS provider has sync issues

Symptom 4: DNSSEC Validation Takes Forever Then Fails

Symptoms:

• DNS queries hang for 5-30 seconds
• Eventually return SERVFAIL
• Slow website loading or timeouts

Causes:

• DNSSEC chain incomplete
• Network firewall blocking DNSSEC packets
• Broken NSEC/NSEC3 records
• DNS server issues

Diagnosis:

# Test with verbose output
dig example.com +dnssec +trace

# This shows each step of DNSSEC validation
# Look for where it hangs or fails

If hangs at root or TLD:

• Network/firewall issue
• Check if port 53 UDP packets > 512 bytes are blocked
• Enable EDNS0 support on firewall

If hangs at your nameservers:

• DNS provider infrastructure issue
• Contact provider support
• Check provider status page

Fix for Firewall Issues:

• DNSSEC responses are larger than traditional DNS
• Requires EDNS0 support (UDP packets up to 4096 bytes)
• Configure firewall to allow:
  • UDP port 53 packets up to 4096 bytes
  • TCP port 53 as fallback
• Test with: dig +bufsize=4096 example.com

Symptom 5: "Lame Delegation" Errors

Symptoms:

• DNSSEC validation shows lame delegation
• Nameservers not authoritative for zone
• Missing NS records

Causes:

• Nameserver configuration incorrect
• NS records at registrar don't match DNS zone
• Nameserver not responding correctly

Diagnosis:

# Check NS records at registrar
dig NS example.com

# Check NS records in zone
dig @ns1.yourprovider.com example.com NS

# Should match exactly

Fix:

1. Ensure NS records at registrar match DNS provider
2. Ensure DNS zone has correct NS records
3. Verify all nameservers respond correctly
4. Wait 24 hours for propagation after fixing

Advanced Troubleshooting Commands

Full DNSSEC chain validation:

# Using delv (DNSSEC validator)
delv @8.8.8.8 example.com +rtrace

# Shows complete chain of trust from root

Check specific DNSSEC record types:

# Check DNSKEY
dig DNSKEY example.com +dnssec +multi

# Check DS at parent
dig DS example.com +trace

# Check RRSIG on A record
dig A example.com +dnssec

# Check NSEC/NSEC3 for non-existent records
dig nonexistent.example.com +dnssec

Verify DS record matches DNSKEY:

# Get DNSKEY
dig DNSKEY example.com +short > dnskey.txt

# Calculate DS record from DNSKEY (requires ldns-keygen tool)
ldns-key2ds -n -2 dnskey.txt

# Compare output to DS record at registrar
dig DS example.com +short

When to Contact Support

Contact DNS Provider Support When:

• Zone signing fails repeatedly
• RRSIG records missing or expired
• DNSKEY records not appearing
• Enabled DNSSEC but nothing happens
• Key rotation fails

Contact Registrar Support When:

• Cannot add DS records (form errors)
• DS records not publishing to registry
• DS status stuck in "Pending" for > 48 hours
• DNSSEC option not available for your TLD
• Cannot remove DS records

Information to Provide Support:

• Domain name
• When problem started
• Error messages (exact text)
• Screenshots of settings
• Results from DNSViz.net
• Output from dig commands
• Steps you've already tried

When NOT to Enable DNSSEC

While DNSSEC provides significant security benefits, certain situations make it impractical or risky.

Scenario 1: Frequent DNS Changes

Don't enable DNSSEC if:

• You change DNS records multiple times per day
• Use dynamic DNS for frequently changing IPs
• Rapidly update records for CI/CD deployments
• Run short TTLs (< 300 seconds) for rapid changes

Why DNSSEC is problematic:

• Zone must be re-signed after every change
• Signing takes time (seconds to minutes)
• Frequent signing increases error risk
• Some DNS providers charge per signing operation
• May hit rate limits on signing operations

Alternatives:

• Use DNSSEC with stable zones
• Keep frequently-changing records in separate subdomain without DNSSEC
• Use DNS provider with fast, automated signing
• Implement DNS automation that handles DNSSEC signing

Scenario 2: Complex DNS Setup with Multiple Providers

Don't enable DNSSEC if:

• Using DNS failover between multiple providers
• Split-horizon DNS (different responses for different networks)
• Complex CNAME chains across providers
• Frequent provider migrations

Why DNSSEC is problematic:

• Each provider needs to sign zone independently
• Difficult to coordinate DS records during failover
• Key rotation becomes extremely complex
• Failover may break DNSSEC validation
• Recovery time increases significantly

Alternatives:

• Simplify DNS setup before enabling DNSSEC
• Use single DNS provider with built-in redundancy
• Use DNS provider's failover features within their platform
• Use Anycast DNS with single management plane

Scenario 3: Registrar/DNS Provider Without DNSSEC Support

Don't enable DNSSEC if:

• Registrar doesn't allow adding DS records
• DNS provider doesn't support DNSSEC
• TLD doesn't support DNSSEC
• Using free DNS service without DNSSEC

Why DNSSEC won't work:

• Cannot complete chain of trust without DS records
• No benefit if zone isn't signed
• Will cause problems if misconfigured

Alternatives:

• Transfer domain to registrar with DNSSEC support
• Switch to DNS provider with DNSSEC support
• Accept risk until you can migrate
• Focus on other security measures (HTTPS, email auth, domain lock)

Scenario 4: Lack of Monitoring and Maintenance

Don't enable DNSSEC if:

• No one monitors DNS regularly
• No alerting system for DNS failures
• No process for handling key rotation
• No 24/7 availability for DNS emergencies

Why DNSSEC is risky:

• DNSSEC failures break domain completely
• Key rotation requires manual intervention
• Signature expiration causes outages
• Recovery requires immediate action
• Business impact is severe

Alternatives:

• Set up proper monitoring first
• Establish DNS maintenance procedures
• Use managed DNS provider with automatic DNSSEC
• Wait until you have resources for proper management

Scenario 5: Development/Staging Environments

Don't enable DNSSEC if:

• Domain is for testing only
• Frequent recreation of DNS zones
• Used in isolated development environment
• Domain will be deleted soon

Why DNSSEC is unnecessary:

• No external attackers targeting test domains
• Overhead slows development workflow
• Risk of misconfiguration is high
• No real security benefit

Alternatives:

• Use DNSSEC only in production
• Test DNSSEC on dedicated test domain
• Use production-like environment for DNSSEC testing
• Document DNSSEC for future production deployment

Scenario 6: CDN/Load Balancer Compatibility Issues

Don't enable DNSSEC if:

• Your CDN has DNSSEC compatibility problems
• Load balancer doesn't support large UDP packets (EDNS0)
• Proxy service can't handle DNSSEC responses
• Application requires CNAME at root domain

Why DNSSEC may conflict:

• Some older CDNs don't properly handle DNSSEC
• DNSSEC responses are larger (may hit packet size limits)
• Some proxies strip DNSSEC records
• CNAME at root conflicts with DNSSEC records

Alternatives:

• Upgrade to CDN with DNSSEC support
• Use CDN that provides DNSSEC signing
• Use ALIAS/ANAME records instead of CNAME
• Configure load balancer for EDNS0 support

Acceptable Risk Situations

You may skip DNSSEC if:

• Personal blog with no user accounts
• Informational website with no transactions
• Domain doesn't handle sensitive data
• Very low traffic / low value target

But still recommended because:

• DNSSEC setup is straightforward now
• Most DNS providers offer it free
• Provides defense in depth
• Prevents future attacks as threat landscape evolves

When to Reconsider DNSSEC

Revisit DNSSEC decision if:

• Your security posture improves (monitoring, processes)
• You migrate to DNSSEC-capable providers
• Your domain grows in importance
• Regulatory requirements change
• Industry standards evolve
• Incident occurs that DNSSEC would have prevented

DNSSEC Maintenance and Key Rotation

DNSSEC requires ongoing maintenance, especially key rotation.

Understanding DNSSEC Keys

Two types of keys:

1. Zone Signing Key (ZSK)

• Signs individual DNS records (A, AAAA, MX, etc.)
• Rotated frequently (every 30-90 days)
• Automatic rotation by DNS provider
• No manual intervention needed

2. Key Signing Key (KSK)

• Signs the DNSKEY records (signs the ZSK)
• Rotated infrequently (annually or longer)
• Requires DS record update at registrar
• Manual intervention required

Key hierarchy:

Root KSK
    ↓ (signs)
.com KSK
    ↓ (signs, via DS record)
example.com KSK
    ↓ (signs)
example.com ZSK
    ↓ (signs)
DNS Records (A, AAAA, MX, etc.)

Automatic ZSK Rotation (No Action Needed)

ZSK rotation process (handled by DNS provider):

1. Day 0: Current ZSK in use
2. Day 30: Provider generates new ZSK
3. Day 30: Both old and new ZSK published
4. Day 31: Zone signed with both keys
5. Day 32: Old ZSK removed
6. Done: New ZSK in use

You don't need to do anything - this is fully automatic.

Manual KSK Rotation (Action Required)

KSK rotation process (requires your involvement):

Phase 1: Pre-rotation (30 days before)

1. DNS provider notifies you of upcoming KSK rotation
2. Email notification: "KSK rotation scheduled for [date]"
3. You have 30 days to prepare

Phase 2: New KSK Published

4. DNS provider generates new KSK
5. Both old and new KSK published in DNSKEY records
6. DNS provider provides new DS record
7. Action required: Add new DS record to registrar (keep old DS)

Phase 3: Propagation (7-14 days)

8. Wait for new DS record to propagate worldwide
9. Verify both DS records present in parent zone
10. DNS provider monitors validation success rate
11. Check: Run tests to ensure new DS record working

Phase 4: Old KSK Removal (after propagation)

12. DNS provider removes old KSK from zone
13. Action required: Remove old DS record from registrar
14. Keep only new DS record

Phase 5: Complete

15. KSK rotation complete
16. Next rotation in 1-2 years

KSK Rotation Step-by-Step

Step 1: Receive Notification

DNS provider sends email:

Subject: DNSSEC KSK Rotation Required for example.com

Your domain example.com has a scheduled KSK rotation on 2025-12-15.

Action Required:
1. Add new DS record to your registrar
2. Keep old DS record until further notice

New DS Record:
54321 8 2 B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3

Deadline: Please complete by 2025-12-15

Step 2: Add New DS Record

1. Copy new DS record from notification
2. Log into domain registrar
3. Go to DNSSEC section
4. Click Add DS Record
5. Paste new DS record details
6. Important: Don't remove old DS record yet
7. Save changes

Step 3: Verify Both DS Records Present

# Check DS records at parent
dig DS example.com +short

# Should see TWO DS records:
# 12345 8 2 A1B2C3D4... (old)
# 54321 8 2 B2C3D4E5... (new)

Step 4: Wait for Provider Confirmation

DNS provider will email when it's safe to remove old DS record:

Subject: Safe to Remove Old DS Record for example.com

KSK rotation for example.com is complete.

Action Required:
Remove the old DS record:
12345 8 2 A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2

Keep the new DS record:
54321 8 2 B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3D4E5F6A1B2C3

Step 5: Remove Old DS Record

1. Log into registrar
2. Go to DNSSEC section
3. Find old DS record (Key Tag 12345)
4. Click Delete or Remove
5. Confirm removal
6. Verify only new DS record remains

Monitoring Key Expiration

Set up reminders:

• Calendar reminders for annual KSK rotation
• Email alerts from DNS provider
• DNSSEC monitoring service
• DNS monitoring dashboard

What to monitor:

• RRSIG expiration dates
• DNSKEY publication dates
• DS record age
• DNSSEC validation success rate

Tools for monitoring:

# Check RRSIG expiration
dig A example.com +dnssec | grep RRSIG

# Look for expiration date in RRSIG record
# Format: YYYYMMDDHHMMSS

Monitoring Services:

• DNSMonitor.com - DNSSEC monitoring
• Nagios with check_dnssec plugin
• Zabbix DNS monitoring
• Custom scripts checking RRSIG expiration

Key Rotation Failure Recovery

If you miss KSK rotation deadline:

Symptoms:

• DNSSEC validation starts failing
• Domain intermittently unreachable
• Old DS record no longer matches

Recovery steps:

1. Contact DNS provider immediately
2. Provider may extend old key temporarily
3. Add new DS record ASAP
4. Wait 6-12 hours minimum
5. Remove old DS record
6. Verify DNSSEC validation restored

If domain stops resolving due to missed rotation:

1. Remove all DS records from registrar (emergency)
2. Wait 2-6 hours for propagation
3. Domain should resolve (without DNSSEC)
4. Re-enable DNSSEC with correct process
5. Add current DS record from provider

Automatic vs Manual Key Rotation

DNS Providers with Automatic KSK Rotation:

• Cloudflare: Automatic KSK rotation with notification
• AWS Route 53: Automatic with configurable schedule
• Google Cloud DNS: Fully automatic
• Azure DNS: Automatic rotation

DNS Providers Requiring Manual Intervention:

• Some smaller DNS providers
• Self-hosted DNS servers (BIND, PowerDNS)
• Legacy DNS services

Best Practice: Choose DNS provider with automatic KSK rotation to minimize manual maintenance.

Best Practices

Pre-Deployment

• ✅ Test DNSSEC on non-production domain first
• ✅ Document your DNS provider and registrar's DNSSEC procedures
• ✅ Set up DNS monitoring before enabling DNSSEC
• ✅ Lower DNS TTLs 48 hours before deployment (for faster rollback)
• ✅ Schedule DNSSEC enablement during low-traffic period
• ✅ Have rollback plan ready

During Setup

• ✅ Always enable DNSSEC at DNS provider FIRST
• ✅ Wait for zone signing to complete before adding DS records
• ✅ Copy DS records carefully (no typos, no extra spaces)
• ✅ Verify algorithm and digest type match exactly
• ✅ Test immediately after DS record addition
• ✅ Monitor for 48 hours after deployment

Post-Deployment

• ✅ Test DNSSEC validation from multiple locations
• ✅ Use multiple testing tools (DNSViz, Verisign Debugger)
• ✅ Set up continuous DNSSEC monitoring
• ✅ Return DNS TTLs to normal values
• ✅ Document what you did for future reference
• ✅ Set calendar reminders for key rotation

Ongoing Maintenance

• ✅ Monitor DNSSEC validation daily
• ✅ Respond to key rotation notifications within 24 hours
• ✅ Test DNSSEC validation quarterly
• ✅ Keep DNS provider and registrar contact info current
• ✅ Review DNSSEC logs for validation failures
• ✅ Update DS records promptly during key rotation

Security Hygiene

• ✅ Use strong, unique passwords for DNS provider and registrar
• ✅ Enable 2FA on both DNS provider and registrar accounts
• ✅ Limit who has access to DNS management
• ✅ Enable domain locking at registrar
• ✅ Keep audit logs of DNS changes
• ✅ Use registry lock for high-value domains

Documentation

• ✅ Document DNSSEC configuration details
• ✅ Keep copy of DS records in secure location
• ✅ Document key rotation schedule
• ✅ Maintain runbook for DNSSEC troubleshooting
• ✅ Record contacts for DNS provider and registrar support
• ✅ Keep history of DNSSEC-related changes

Frequently Asked Questions

Does DNSSEC slow down DNS lookups?

DNSSEC adds minimal latency (5-30ms) to initial DNS lookups due to additional records and validation. However, DNS caching means this only affects the first query. For most users, the delay is imperceptible. The security benefits far outweigh the minor performance impact.

Can I enable DNSSEC on a subdomain only?

Yes, you can enable DNSSEC for specific subdomains by delegating them to separate nameservers with DNSSEC enabled. However, the parent domain needs DS records pointing to the subdomain's DNSKEY. This is called "island of security" configuration. Most users enable DNSSEC for the entire domain instead.

What happens if my DNSSEC breaks?

If DNSSEC validation fails, DNSSEC-validating resolvers (like Google DNS, Cloudflare DNS) will refuse to return DNS results, making your domain unreachable for users using those resolvers. Non-validating resolvers may still work. To fix: remove DS records from registrar, wait 2-6 hours, then diagnose and fix the issue before re-enabling.

Do I need DNSSEC if I have HTTPS?

HTTPS and DNSSEC protect different layers. HTTPS secures data in transit between browser and server. DNSSEC authenticates DNS responses before you even reach the server. An attacker could use DNS hijacking to redirect you to a fake HTTPS site with a fraudulent certificate. DNSSEC prevents this. You need both for comprehensive security.

How much does DNSSEC cost?

Most DNS providers and registrars include DNSSEC support at no additional cost. Cloudflare, AWS Route 53, Google Cloud DNS, Namecheap, Porkbun, and GoDaddy all offer free DNSSEC. Enterprise DNS providers may charge for premium DNSSEC features like faster key rotation or dedicated support.

Can I use DNSSEC with a CDN?

Yes, modern CDNs support DNSSEC. Cloudflare, Fastly, Akamai, and others handle DNSSEC correctly. However, ensure your CDN doesn't require a CNAME at the root domain (which conflicts with DNSSEC). Use ALIAS/ANAME records or A/AAAA records pointing to CDN IPs instead.

How often do DNSSEC keys need rotation?

Zone Signing Keys (ZSK) rotate automatically every 30-90 days (managed by DNS provider, no action needed). Key Signing Keys (KSK) rotate annually or less frequently (requires updating DS records at registrar). Specific rotation schedules vary by DNS provider.

What's the difference between DNSSEC and DANE?

DNSSEC authenticates DNS records to prevent spoofing. DANE (DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities) uses DNSSEC to publish TLS/SSL certificate information in DNS via TLSA records. DANE builds on DNSSEC to eliminate the need for certificate authorities. DNSSEC is a prerequisite for DANE.

Can I test DNSSEC before enabling it?

Yes, test on a separate non-production domain first, or use a subdomain for testing. Enable DNSSEC on test.example.com before enabling on example.com. This lets you practice the process and verify your DNS provider's DNSSEC implementation without risking your production domain.

Does every TLD support DNSSEC?

Most modern TLDs support DNSSEC. All major TLDs (.com, .net, .org) and most country-code TLDs support it. Check https://stats.research.icann.org/dns/tld_report/ for your specific TLD. If your TLD doesn't support DNSSEC, you cannot use it (the DS records have nowhere to be published).

Key Takeaways

• DNSSEC adds cryptographic signatures to DNS records, preventing cache poisoning and spoofing attacks
• Enable DNSSEC at DNS provider FIRST, then add DS records to registrar - wrong order breaks your domain immediately
• DS records are hashes of DNSKEY records - you add DS records to registrar, not DNSKEY records
• Most major registrars and DNS providers offer free DNSSEC support in 2025
• Cloudflare offers the easiest setup with one-click DNSSEC and automatic DS record management for Cloudflare Registrar users
• Testing is essential - use DNSViz.net and Verisign DNSSEC Debugger to verify correct configuration
• Common mistakes include typos in DS records, wrong algorithm selection, and enabling DS records before DNS signing
• Key rotation requires manual intervention for KSK (annually), but ZSK rotation is automatic
• DNSSEC is critical for financial services, e-commerce, and high-security domains
• Don't enable DNSSEC if you lack monitoring, make frequent DNS changes, or use unsupported providers
• Full propagation takes 24-48 hours - don't panic if immediate tests show errors
• Emergency rollback: Remove DS records from registrar and wait 2-6 hours to restore DNS resolution

Next Steps

Enable DNSSEC Today

1. Choose Your Path

   • Using Cloudflare DNS? Jump to Cloudflare setup
   • Using GoDaddy? Jump to GoDaddy setup
   • Using Namecheap? Jump to Namecheap setup
   • Other provider? See other registrars

2. Set Up Monitoring

   • Sign up for DNS monitoring service
   • Configure DNSSEC validation alerts
   • Set calendar reminders for key rotation

3. Test Thoroughly

   • Use DNSViz.net
   • Check Verisign DNSSEC Debugger
   • Test from multiple locations
   • Verify with dig commands

4. Document Everything

   • Save DS record values
   • Record setup steps taken
   • Note key rotation schedule
   • Update team documentation

Learn More About DNS Security

• DNSSEC: How It Protects Against DNS Attacks - Deep technical dive into DNSSEC security mechanisms
• DNS Record Types Explained - Complete guide to A, AAAA, CNAME, MX, and more
• Domain Security Best Practices for Businesses - Comprehensive enterprise security guide
• How to Protect Your Domain from Hijacking - Multi-layered domain protection strategies

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• Automatic DNSSEC validation - Daily checks of DNSSEC chain of trust
• Key rotation alerts - Get notified when DS records need updating
• Change history - Track DNSSEC configuration changes over time
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• Export reports - Download DNSSEC status for compliance documentation

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Research Sources

This guide was compiled using authoritative sources on DNSSEC deployment and best practices:

• ICANN DNSSEC Resources
• RFC 4033: DNS Security Introduction and Requirements
• RFC 4034: Resource Records for DNS Security Extensions
• RFC 4035: Protocol Modifications for DNS Security Extensions
• RFC 6781: DNSSEC Operational Practices
• Cloudflare DNSSEC Documentation
• Verisign DNSSEC Resources
• DNS-OARC DNSSEC Tools
• NIST SP 800-81-2: Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Deployment Guide
• APNIC DNSSEC Howto